This textbook covers Plant Ecology from the molecular to the global level. It covers the following areas in unprecedented breadth and depth:- Molecular ecophysiology (stress physiology: light, temperature, oxygen deficiency, drought, salt, heavy metals, xenobiotica and biotic stress factors)- Autecology (whole plant ecology: thermal balance, water, nutrient, carbon relations)- Ecosystem ecology (plants as part of ecosystems, element cycles, biodiversity)- Synecology (development of vegetation in time and space, interactions between vegetation and the abiotic and biotic environment)- Global aspects of plant ecology (global change, global biogeochemical cycles, land use, international conventions, socio-economic interactions).