Analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters provide the link between the analog world of transducers and the digital world of signal processing, computing, digital data collection, data storage on magnetic material or optical disks and data processing systems. Practical converters must use standard digital CMOS technology without requiring special processing options or processing steps. Scaling of digital technology into the submicron range results in a reduction of the supply voltage into the 1 V range and below. Designs in this field require special circuit techniques to solve this problem. Examples and practical designs will be discussed in this book..