Introduction: Electrocrystallization refers to nucleation and crystal growth occurring on electrodes in electrochemical systems under the influence of an electric field. Nucleation and growth phenomena are involved in many battery systems, where the electron transfer is coupled to various phase transformations occurring during charge and/or discharge in the active electrode materials. For example, in the lead–acid battery the electrochemical reactions involve formation of different electronically conducting and insulating crystal phases (e.g., lead, lead dioxide (PbO2), lead sulphate (PbSO4), which have a decisive influence on the characteristics and operational life of the battery...